Marketing Principles and Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Marketing Principles and Practice - Essay Example The company satisfies customers and gives back to the community and the environment. Also, Starbucks persists to be profitable and it is expected to do well at least in the near future. They live by a strict, slow growth policy completely dominating a market before setting its sights further abroad. This strategy has gained them the advantage of being one of the fastest growing companies in the country amidst rivals trying to compete in the market. The strategy for Starbucks is formulated based on the visions of Shultz which aims to reinforce the caring, philanthropic image of the corporation show concern for its employees and society. These values today make Starbucks a leading organization in the country. Starbucks’ core identity is the business that it does i.e. Selling Coffee. It is basically known for its fine blended premium coffee and coffee related products. This image is actually discouraging for non-coffee drinkers since they would not go to Starbucks. However by developing new and exciting products, it aims to diversify its product range to juices and other edibles to widen its customer base. The company was started by three Seattle entrepreneurs in 1971 selling of whole bean coffee in one Seattle store. A marketer, Howard Schultz, was hired to be the manager of retail and marketing who brought new ideas to the owners, but was turned down. Schultz in turn opened his own coffee bar in 1986 based on Italian coffee cafes, selling brewed Starbucks coffee. By 1987, Schultz had expanded to three coffee bars and bought Starbucks from the original owners for $4 million. His intention for the company was to grow slowly with a very solid foundation. He wanted to create a top-quality management team which he did by buying off top executives from other well-known corporations. The company suffered losses for the first two years, but Schultz stood his ground and did not surrender his long term integrity and

Misuses of Statistics Essay Example for Free

Misuses of Statistics Essay While Statistics can also be misused in many ways such as using not representative samples, small sample size, ambiguous averages and dispersions, detached facts, implied connections, wrong and misleading graphs, wrong use of statistical techniques, serious violation of assumption behind the statistical techniques and faculty surveys, we should also realize that Statistical literacy is not a skill that is widely accepted as necessary in education. Therefore a lot of misuse of statistics is not intentional, just uninformed. But that does not mitigate its danger when misused because Statistical techniques are many times misused, to sell products that don’t work; to prove something that is not really true, to get the attention of public by evoking fear and shock. Statistics has numerous uses. It is difficult to find a field in which statistics is not used. Statistics plays integral part in many disciplines, and do not take reported relationships at their face value, especially if you cannot see a direct, causal link between them. There may be a common-sense reason why they are linked through a third, unreported variable or other intended or unintended connections. Going through exercises 1 through 10 on page 810, I decided to do exercise number 4. The question reads â€Å"In many ads for weigh loss products, under the product claim and in small print, the following statement is made: â€Å"These results are not typical.† What does this say about the product being advertised?† It is intriguing but rather serious when media plays with our emotion just to get our attention in whatever ways they can. Both print and electronic media have created a means of satisfying our emotional instabilities by coming up with advertisements that will capture our attentions. Weigh loss products and program are few of the many that have been bombarding the airwaves. Many at times I pondered when watching television or listening to radio commercial, whether these are really delivering what they are saying that can. I have deliberately changed my channels when I am watching television and a commercial come on the television. In this assignment, I am going to synthesized question number 4. I am going to keenly look the small prints that say â€Å"These results are not typical† What does this say about the product being advertised? I think there are two sides to this, one is the legal obligations that they will be face with if they fail what they promised, the other is nothing is typical. What works for you might not work for me. We are all different and unique in our own ways. We all have different method of losing weight. What might work for one person is not necessarily going to work for you, what you arent guaranteed is to lose what that that person lost in the ads. They are only giving us the best results they have gotten from their products and it does not mean that it might work for you or me. There is no 100% guarantee in this process. The next question that I am going to comment will be number 16. â€Å"Do you think that it is not important to give extra tutoring to students who are not failing?† To answer this question in a survey, you must understand what they are asking for. This is very confusion question. Double negative can be confusing, which might lead to an incorrect response. I think because each student is different, each should be given opportunity to explore whatever opportunity that is available to them to excel in their school work at their own pace, regardless of who they are in your class. As we have seen from above, ads might be exactly how they are presented to us. I think every ad should be research before venturing into it. This ads and the survey are known as detached statistic ads, which mean there was no comparison made. As we can see from the two different set, there were no comparisons in either one of them. Indeed, while Statistics can also be misused in many ways such as using not representative samples, small sample size, ambiguous averages and dispersions, detached facts, implied connections, wrong and misleading graphs, wrong use of statistical techniques, serious violation of assumption behind the statistical techniques and faculty surveys. Therefore a lot of misuse of statistics is not intentional, just uninformed. But that does not mitigate its danger when misused. Hence we should be very careful in our decision making process as what to believe it References Bluman, A. G. (2011). Mathematics in our world (1st ed. Ashford University Custom). United States: McGraw-Hill.

Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Essay -- United Nati

Promotion of New and Renewable Sources of Energy Introduction Energy plays a crucial role in the economic development of all nations, especially those with limited access to resources. Access to energy sources is one of the fundamental elements of poverty reduction and sustainable development. It is for this reason that renewable energy and energy efficiency is essential to protect and preserve, as it provides a basis for economic advances, increased education, and environment sustainability. The United Nations is committed to alleviating these pressing concerns through the implementation of programs such as the Millennium Development Goals and the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation, as well as through numerous others and in concordance with the work of its main bodies and committees. Acknowledging the importance of sustainable uses of energy, the Economic and Financial Committee (ECOFIN) meets biennially to specifically discuss energy and ways to implement ever improving technology. History of Committee The Economic and Financial Committee is commonly referred to as the 2nd Committee, as it is one of six main bodies under direct authority of the General Assembly. ECOFIN deals with issues concerning economic growth and development, globalization and interdependence, sustainable development, as well as macroeconomic trade and commodities. ECOFIN also pays special attention to the concerns of the least developed countries and items on the agenda focus on integrating developing countries smoothly into the world economy (?Economic and Financial?). Other current affairs include disaster reduction, women and development, preventing and combating corrupt practices, and protection of the global climate. ... ... Assembly Main Committees. 3 April 2007. ?Changing Unsustainable Patterns of Consumption and Production.? 2002. UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs. 3 April 2007. ?Establishment of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development as an Organ of the General Assembly.? 30 December 1964. General Assembly Resolutions. ?The Energy Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals.? 2005. United Nations Energy 3 April 2007. ?What Are the Millennium Development Goals 2005. UN Development Goals. 20 April 2007.

Mrs. Macteer and Mrs. Breedlove Essay

Parental guidance and support are key components of the foundation of a child’s growth and development. Without either, a child cannot grow and develop properly. In her novel The Bluest Eye, Toni Morrison examines the effect of different mothers on their respective children through the characters of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove. Throughout the novel, both characters express their thoughts and feelings through words, with Mrs. MacTeer having a few fussy soliloquies and Mrs. Breedlove having a few interior monologues to get their points across. Although Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove are two entirely different individuals, their respective fussy soliloquies and interior monologues greatly reflect one another. Giving to charity doesn’t always equate to getting something in return. In The Bluest Eye, Mrs. MacTeer takes in Pecola Breedlove for a bit. While Pecola is staying with the MacTeer family, she grows fixated with a Shirley Temple glass, using it every chance that she can. Subsequently, she ends up drinking a lot of the milk that Mrs. MacTeer has for the entire family. Mrs. MacTeer is not thrilled with this, as she rants, â€Å"Three quarts of milk. That’s what was in that icebox yesterday. Three whole quarts. Now they ain’t none. Not a drop. I don’t mind folks coming in and getting what they want, but three quarts of milk! What the devil does anybody need with three quarts of milk? † (Morrison 23). Initially, Mrs. MacTeer’s soliloquy seems reasonable. It seems as though she is simple a mother frustrated with the fact that her milk has been drank up and potentially wasted. However, there are hidden connotations in her speech. By rationalizing her own life situations through her fussing soliloquies and then singing, Mrs. MacTeer manages to isolate her children. They, particularly Claudia, view her singing as a demonstration of the pleasure Mrs. MacTeer takes in insulting others through her soliloquy. As Christine Spies writes in Vernacular Traditions: The Use of Music in the Novels of Toni Morrison, â€Å"the way in which the singing is described, the cathartic quality of the music becomes obvious, as for Mrs. MacTeer singing constitutes a cleansing ritual and establishes a validation of her self† (Spies 13). It is suggested that Mrs. MacTeer is unhappy with her everyday life, as well as with herself. She utilizes the soliloquies to rip apart others, a concept that is detrimental to those she fusses about, yet therapeutic to herself. Once she is satisfied with the degree in which she has ranted and raved, she begins to sing. Her songs are representative of the cleansing of herself through her rants and rambles, as well as a demonstration of her satisfaction and happiness with putting down others. Pauline Breedlove, Pecola’s mother, is fond of reflecting on the better days of her life. Oftentimes throughout The Bluest Eye, Mrs. Breedlove is found reminiscing on the days of her past, when she was a younger woman. In particular, at one point in the novel, Mrs. Breedlove reflects upon a time in which she was pregnant with her oldest child, Sammy. During this time in her life, she enjoyed going to the cinema by herself during the day. She would look at magazines and style her hair like the movie stars. To her, going to the cinema and admiring the glorious movie stars was an escape from her marriage and life with Cholly. For the length of the film, she could disappear into the movie and be amongst the stars. At one point, Mrs. Breedlove attended a film and her fantasies of blending in with the stars unraveled in front of her very eyes. She took a bite of a piece of candy, and one of her front teeth was pulled out by it, instantly altering her appearance forever. She reflected, â€Å"There I was, five months pregnant, trying to look like Jean Harlow, and a front tooth gone. Everything went then. Look like I just didn’t care no more after that. I let my hair go back, plaited it up, and settled down to just being ugly† (Morrison 123). Mrs. Breedlove tried to escape from the unhappiness of her own life by going to the cinema, and instead, the cinema caused her even more unhappiness. She simply gave up on ever feeling glamorous or happy, something that is only fueled by the growing unhappiness of her marriage. As she stated, â€Å"Cholly poked fun at me, and we started fighting again†¦He begin to make me madder than anything I knowed† (Morrison 123). As much as she tried, Mrs. Breedlove could no longer escape her unhappiness. It was simply escalated by the cinema. From the very beginning of Pecola’s life, her mother ingrains in her the idea that she is ugly—a concept that Mrs. Breedlove herself is viewed as due to her missing front tooth and her skin color. After her birth, she refers to Pecola as being â€Å"a right smart baby† but â€Å"a cross between a puppy and a dying man. But I knowed she was ugly. Head full of pretty hair, but Lord she was ugly† (Morrison 126). Mrs. Breedlove acknowledges that Pecola is a smart girl, but doesn’t view it as an impressive quality. Instead, she focuses on the fact that her daughter is unattractive. As Spies mentions, â€Å"even by her own mother, Pecola has been denied the slightest notion of being valuable or worthy of love† (Spies 15). By denying value and love to her daughter, Mrs. Breedlove is instilling in Pecola the same self-hatred that Cholly and society has instilled in herself. Mrs. Breedlove’s unhappiness is unquestionably the reason for Pecola’s own dissatisfaction and unhappiness. Although Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove are two entirely different individuals, their thoughts are eerily reminiscent of each other. Both complain about others, specifically complaining about Pecola. Mrs. MacTeer is frustrated with Pecola drinking up the milk, whereas Mrs. Breedlove is frustrated by her lack of beauty. Both women try to come off as â€Å"better† individuals than they actually are. Mrs. MacTeer rambles about Pecola and suggests that she is of a lower, varmint-like class. Mrs. Breedlove goes on about Pecola’s ugliness, when, in fact, she is not only perceived as but admittedly ugly herself. Both women are unsatisfied with their lives and places in society. They both wish to be glorious and of higher class, yet they cannot achieve these respect places due to outside factors—Mrs. MacTeer is a middle class woman, and Mrs. Breedlove is â€Å"ugly† and black. Both women enjoy prattling about their misfortunes and the misfortunes of others, yet they do so in entirely different ways. Contrarily, Mrs. Breedlove expresses herself silently through inner monologue. She is a soundless voice in society. Not only is she a black female, but she is poor and ugly as well. She could voice her opinions out loud, but she feels it is not worth it. Society rarely recognizes her presence, and when it does, it is quickly forgotten. When Mrs. Breedlove reflected on the birth of Pecola, she recalled being the only black woman in the maternity ward of the hospital. A doctor walked by to check on her with a team of residents who were learning how to be doctors, and he said that black women deliver babies like horses, quickly with no pain. Mrs. Breedlove recalls, â€Å"They never said nothing to me. Only one looked at me. Looked at my face, I mean. I looked right back at him. He dropped his eyes and turned red† (Morrison 125). The resident who looked at her is embarrassed to have acknowledged her, and he immediately tries to erase this moment of connection from existence. She is an isolated, lower class of her own in society due to not only the oppression of her individuality as a poor, ugly black woman and the reaction of society to her identities, but because she is also oppressed by her husband, Cholly. Although it is clear throughout the novel that Mrs. Breedlove fights back when it comes to arguments with her husband, she is not given a voice to do so. As Gibson states, â€Å"whatever authority Cholly possesses accrues not because it comes to him by nature, or because he is male, but because Morrison chooses to give it to him. She grants this black male a voice† (Gibson 169). Morrison does not allow Mrs. Breedlove to have a voice; rather, she allows Cholly to have one to further exploit the weaknesses and state of despair of his wife. She cannot voice her opinions out loud because she is not given the means to do so. Like Mrs. MacTeer, Mrs. Breedlove has an invisible audience. However, her audience is literally invisible—nobody listens to her thoughts but herself. She is not given a voice in society, so she feels she cannot do anything. To her, it is not worth it to try to express her thoughts to anyone but herself. By keeping to herself, she is only trapped in her unhappiness further. Undoubtedly, the thoughts and opinions of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye are essential to demonstrating the messages of societal oppression within the novel. Both women exhibit the concept of members of society being oppressed due to factors they cannot change, such as gender, level of wealth, race, beauty, or even lost dreams. Mrs. MacTeer’s fussing soliloquies reach out to an invisible audience of her children and Pecola, explicitly discussing her unhappiness with her own role in society, as well as the hierarchical roles in society and her daily life. Additionally, Mrs. Breedlove’s silent interior monologues allow readers to see the result of silence within society. Her monologues also allow readers to see the effect of giving up on one’s own happiness and dreams in life. Together, the voices of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs. Breedlove inevitably come together to convey the effect of societal oppression within the novel. Without their respective fussing soliloquies and interior monologues, the meaning of the novel would be lost within the pages. The thoughts and opinions of Mrs. MacTeer and Mrs.

Organic Chemistry (Methamphetamine) Essay

Methamphetamine was first synthesized from ephedrine in Japan in 1893 by chemist Nagai Nagayoshi. In 1919, crystallized methamphetamine was synthesized by Akira Ogata via reduction of ephedrine using red phosphorus and iodine. Synthesis is relatively simple, but entails risk with flammable and corrosive chemicals, particularly the solvents used in extraction and purification; therefore, illicit production is often discovered by fires and explosions caused by the improper handling of volatile or flammable solvents. Most of the necessary chemicals are readily available in household products or over-the-counter cold or allergy medicines. When illicitly produced, methamphetamine is commonly made by the reduction of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine. The maximum conversion rate for ephedrine and pseudoephedrine is 92%, although typically, illicit methamphetamine laboratories convert at a rate of 50% to 75%. Methamphetamine has been reported to occur naturally in Acacia berlandieri, and possibly Acacia rigidula, trees that grow in West Texas. Methamphetamine and regular amphetamine were long thought to be strictly human-synthesized, but Acacia trees contain these and numerous other psychoactive compounds (e.g., mescaline, nicotine, dimethyltryptamine), and the related compound ÃŽ ²-phenethylamine is known to occur from numerous Acacia species. Diagrams Health Concerns Physical effects can include anorexia, hyperactivity, dilated pupils, flushing, restlessness, dry mouth, headache, tachycardia, bradycardia, tachypnea, hypertension, hypotension, hyperthermia, diaphoresis, diarrhea, constipation, blurred vision, dizziness, twitching, insomnia, numbness, palpitations, arrhythmias, tremors, dry and/or itchy skin, acne, pallor, and with chronic and/or high doses, convulsions, heart attack, stroke, and death can occur. Psychological effects can include euphoria, anxiety, increased libido, alertness, concentration, energy, self-esteem, self-confidence, sociability, irritability, aggression, psychosomatic disorders, psychomotor agitation, grandiosity, hallucinations, excessive feelings of power and invincibility, repetitive and obsessive behaviors, paranoia, and with chronic and/or high doses, amphetamine psychosis can occur. Methamphetamine use has a high association with depression and suicide as well as serious heart disease, amphetamine psychosis, anxiety and violent behaviours. Methamphetamine also has a very high addiction risk. Methamphetamine also is neurotoxic and is associated with an increased risk of parkinson’s disease. Methamphetamine abuse can cause neurotoxicity which is believed to be responsible for causing persisting cognitive deficits, such as memory, impaired attention and executive function. Over 20 percent of people addicted to methamphetamine develop a long-lasting psychosis resembling schizophrenia after stopping methamphetamine which persists for longer than 6 months and is often treatment resistant. Meth labs can also be fatal seeing as they often blow up. This is usually due to amateur chemists operating them. They can also give off deadly fumes. Where It Is Commonly Found Methamphetamine is FDA approved for use in children and adults under the trademark name Desoxyn. A generic version became available in April, 2010. It is prescribed as a treatment for ADHD and exogenous obesity, as well as off-label for the treatment of narcolepsy and treatment-resistant depression. Physical Properties Formula C10H15N Mol. Mass 149.233g/mol Half-Life 9-12 hours Metabolism hepatic IUPAC Name N-methyl-1-phenylpropan-2-amine Structure Related To Function The structure of this molecule is very much related it’s function. It closely mimics another molecule which stimulates the brain. This molecule fits the receptor site and therefore acts as a stimulant. Functional Groups Methyl Amino Aromatic (Phenyl)

buy custom PepsiCo essay

buy custom PepsiCo essay PepsiCo is an American multinational corporation that formed in 1965 with the merger of Pepsi-Cola and Frito-Lay, Inc. and deals with production, marketing, and distribution of beverages and grain based snack foods. PepsiCo has its headquarters in Harrison, New York with its presence in four major divisions (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). In 2009, PepsiCo Americas Foods, which deals in foods and snacks in North and South America, contributed 43% of the total PepsiCo net profit (PepsiCo Inc., 2010).. There is also PepsiCo America Beverages, a division that markets both carbonated and non-carbonated beverages in North and South America. Other divisions include PepsiCo Europe and PepsiCo Asia, Middle East and Africa. Globally, the company is the second largest food and beverages company and it operates in more than 200 countries (Marshall, 2010). In 2009, PepsiCo collected total revenue of $43.3 billion, and was rated the largest food and beverages company in North America. Pepsi Corporation distributes a number of brands, the key ones being those that generate annual sales of more than $1 billion each. These brands include Pepsi-Cola, 7Up, Fritos Mountain Dew, Gatorade, Doritos, Pepsi Max, Quaker Foods, Tropicana Cheetos, Miranda, Ruffles, Aquafina, Tostitos, Sierra Mist, Walkers, and Lays Lipton (UBM, 2010). Amid distribution of the brands, PepsiCo engages in charitable activities and environmental conservation programs like water usage in U.S, India and U.K, packaging and recycling, energy usage as well as pesticide regulation in India to ensure that the environment and the available resources are utilized properly. PepsiCos advancement in ecommerce has been evident, and that is the focus of this report (Romanik, 2007). Changing to ecommerce involves fully understanding the normal offline transactions and applying the principals of electronic funds transfer and electronic data interchange. Ecommerce also includes Internet marketing and inventory management systems through the World Wide Web, especially for virtual items. Changing to ecommerce entails complete overhaul of marketing techniques to accommodate new internet marketing strategies, electronic payments and training of employees to match the new electronic commerce and business. PepsiCos adoption of ecommerce led to the collaboration with Yahoo. In the deal, PepsiCo would promote Yahoo on 1.5 billion soft drinks bottles displayed in 50,000 stoes (Business Day, 2000). In return, Yahoo would promote PepsiCo products on Yahoo cobranded site called Pepsistuff.com (Gerstman Meyers, 2002). This promotion started in August 2000 and has since led to advertisement cost minimization due to its ability to reach more people at ago through the website (Business Day, 2000). What does not work, according to Burwick, PepsiCos former marketing manager, is an advertising approach on television that in his view only entertains and moves. However, Burwick notes that internet advertisement on the website provides a platform for interaction, which is a more active experience that is likely to have a more positive impact on sales (Business Day, 2000). This web advertisement that included music sites, banner advertisement and internet sweepstakes and barter arrangement with Yahoo, helped PepsiCo establish loyalty among its customers, greater brand exposure among its consumers under 25 years old and at the same time obtained relevant data that enabled the company respond to customer demands. Pepsi also uses the extranet strategy where customers flash their names and continue the marketing efforts of tweaking websites. Other than its websites, PepsiCo has currently upheld its ecommerce strategy on Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube, which are social sites that provide interaction opportunities for millions of potential customers around the world. This has helped improve popularity of the corporations 19 major brands in all the four regions, and contributed to the revenue collected in 2009. Marketing the products plays a very important role in the consumer goods companies that consume $40 billion annually on non-internet advertising. Ecommerce in this regard plays a vital role in marketing, distribution, supply chain management, ordering and delivering of the products to the clients in all the four major regions. This strategy helps PepsiCo eliminate intermediaries in its business since consumers can order products directly. The company can also use banners on top of web pages to convey the information about its products. However, this has been eliciting responses that banners are too small and limit th e amount of information that can be conveyed through them. Besides Pepsistuff.com, PepsiCo also uses its website in providing information to all its customers and potential customers on the available products and the ordering and purchasing procedures as well as the charges involved for deliveries (Gerstman Meyers, 2002). The strategy of e-business is multifarious, is more focused on these internal processes (Romanik, 2007). Its objective is to reduce costs while improving efficiency, as well as reducing costs while improving productivity. E-business includes ecommerce, and both address internal processes and technological infrastructure like application servers, security, databases, and legacy systems. E-commerce and e-business involve generating new value chains amid stakeholders, such as a company like PepsiCo and its clients. PepsiCo initially used non-internet advertisement that included high impact television spots that were prepared to evoke emotional reaction among its customers, appealing to woe customers to purchase. The company also minimally used PowerPoint presentations of its products to that are flashed on the websites. According to Hill Jones (2008), PepsiCo changed its business model and the manner in which it differentiated its product. Before adoption of the ecommerce initiative, PepsiCo fully depended on five regions that include North America, South America, Europe, and Asia regions (including India) in manufacturing, marketing, and delivering. These activities constituted manual offline transactions (Heinecke, 2011). Any changes to the business model were necessitated by introduction of the e-Business initiative. The marketing, ordering, inventory management strategies, and the payment methods changed to adopt ecommerce methods. These necessitated change in PepsiCos organization structure and reduction of marketing staff and the cost of advertisement reduced by nearly 20% in 2010 (Heinecke, 2011). Through e-business, PepsiCo was able to effectively cut human errors and evade uneconomical duplications of duties that add little or no value to the business. Consequently, this saved the company business time, colossal amounts of resources. The introduction of ecommerce into PepsiCo also improved the speed, accuracy, and efficiency in which processes are carried out in the corporation, leading to increased productivity. E-business guarantees proficiency in communication within PepsiCo and reduces turnaround time in ordering, delivery, and payment of products, as well as fostering faster decision-making process. The networking brought about by the use of Internet services gave PepsiCo an opportunity to easily compare and rate its products against those from its competitors in terms of quality, availability, and pricing. Buy custom PepsiCo essay

My Future Career and Plans Essay Example

My Future Career and Plans Essay Example My Future Career and Plans Essay My Future Career and Plans Essay My future career and plans The first I have to do is to finish this school. After it there I would like to study The University of Economics or Faculty of Electrical Engineering at the Czech Technical University. Rather I would like to study the University of Economics, because after finishing it I would have two qualifications, computer specialist and engineer of economy. The second school is very good too, because I would have a complex overview in computers. During the studies I would like to join some exchange program for students and study few months abroad. It would be absolutely perfect, because of get some experience with foreign circumstances. Next aim I would like to achieve is to learn fluently French and German. It’s necessary, because we are surrounded by German speaking countries and the official language in the European Union is the French. My school selection has another advantage. After reach some experience skills in the computer world I could certify my knowledge by Microsoft certificating program. The test and certificate are world reputable, which could be very useful in the future job. During the studies, there is a possibility to work for a company connected with school, where I could get some experience as a practice. If I found some good practice during my studies I would try to lunch out on my own. I would try to find a flat and live my own life. I have to prove to everybody, especially to my family, that I am able to see after myself. After the school I would like to find well paid work, but I would have to enjoy it. In the work which I don’t enjoy I don’t do maximum for it and it’s not good. After get some experience If possible I would like to create my own computer company, because what I know certain is that I don’t want to work with some company and after fifty years they will tell me â€Å"By Mike, you were good, but we don’t need you anymore†. That’s my nightmare. I want to leave some product of my whole life work here. I exactly don’t know the specialization of my future company, but I would like to undertake in the computer world, because it has a future. That’s another reason why I would like to study the University of Economics. For choice I would like to undertake with my present friends, because I can believe them and they will study similar schools. I believe that would be successful company and we would earn a lot of money. I would buy a comfortable car and I would buy a land and built a big house with an indoor and outdoor swimming pool. The bases for a good life are the material resources and a life partner. I don’t enjoy the marriage so I would like to live with my partner without it at least until the time we would have children, because it’s not necessary for me to have an affirmation which allows me to live with somebody I love. I think that it is a modern tendency to live without a marriage, so I would try it. I suppose that people will come to know each other better. After I will have children I would like to look after my family, so the conditions is that the company will be reputable and it will be run by perspective people and I will only share the profits and do only the representative functions as propagations of our interests.

Political Culture and Good Citizenship

Political Culture and Good Citizenship Political culture is a widely shared set of ideas, attitudes, practices, and moral judgments that shape people’s political behavior, as well as how they relate to their government and to one another. In essence, the various elements of a political culture determine the people’s perception of who is and is not a â€Å"good citizen.† To an extent, the government itself can use outreach efforts like education and public commemorations of historical events to shape political culture and public opinion. When taken to excess, such attempts to control the political culture are often characteristic of the actions of totalitarian or fascist forms of government. While they tend to reflect the current character of the government itself, political cultures also embody the history and traditions of that government. For example, while Great Britain still has a monarchy, the queen or king has no real power without the approval of the democratically elected Parliament. Yet, while doing away with the now largely ceremonial monarchy would save the government millions of pounds per year, the British people, proud of their tradition of over 1,200 years of being ruled by royalty, would never stand for it. Today, as always, a â€Å"good† British citizen reveres the Crown. While political cultures vary greatly from nation to nation, state to state, and even region to region, they generally tend to remain relatively stable over time. Political Culture and Good Citizenship To a great degree, political culture implies the characteristics and qualities that make people good citizens. In the context of political culture, the traits of â€Å"good citizenship† transcend the government’s basic legal requirements for attaining citizenship status. As Greek philosopher Aristotle argued in his treatise Politics, simply living in a nation does not necessarily make a person a citizen of that nation. To Aristotle, true citizenship required a level of supportive participation. As we see today, thousands of lawful permanent resident aliens and immigrants live in the United States as â€Å"good citizens† as defined by the political culture without becoming fully naturalized citizens. Traits of Good Citizens Good citizens, in their daily lives, demonstrate most of the qualities considered important by the prevailing political culture. A person who lives an otherwise exemplary life but never works to support or improve the community by taking an active part in public life may be considered a good person but not necessarily a good citizen. In the United States, a good citizen is generally expected to do at least some of these things: Take part in the representative democracy by registering to vote and voting in elections.Run for elected office or volunteer to serve on appointed governing boards.Obey all federal, state, and local laws.Show up for jury duty if called.Be knowledgeable of the basic freedoms, rights, and responsibilities contained in the U.S. Constitution.Pay all applicable federal, state, and local taxes.Remain knowledgeable about political issues and government policy.Volunteer to take part in community improvement programs.Take part in patriotic observances and traditions, like standing for the National Anthem and knowing the Pledge of Allegiance. Even within the United States, the perception of political culture - thus good citizenship - may vary from region to region. As a result, it important to avoid depending on stereotypes when judging a person’s quality of citizenship. For example, people in one region may place more importance in strict observance of patriotic traditions than those in other regions. Political Culture Can Change Though it often takes generations to happen, minds - and thus political culture - can change. For example: Since its colonial period, America has seen periods during which the dominating political culture favored a policy of isolationism from foreign affairs, particularly foreign wars. In each of these cases, threats that foreign wars might directly threaten American lives and freedoms resulted in rapid reversals of the isolationist political culture.As part of President Lyndon Johnson’s sweeping Great Society social reform initiative, Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Passed after generations of post-Civil war racial discrimination, the law authorized the use of federal troops to supervise elections in several Southern states in order to protect the voting rights of black Americans. Forty years later, fearing that the racially-charged political culture in the South might still be a threat to the political freedom of blacks, Congress and President George W. Bush enacted the Voting Rights Extension Act of 2006. Today, multi-racial voting coalitions exist throughout the nation and Black-Americans are commonly elected to federal, state, and local offices. While some political cultures can be changed by the passage of laws, others cannot. In general, elements of a political culture based on deeply-seated beliefs or customs, such as patriotism, religion, or ethnicity are far more resistant to change than those based simply on the government’s policies or practices. Political Culture and US Nation Building While it is always difficult and sometimes dangerous, governments often try to influence the political culture of other nations. For example, the United States is known for its often-controversial foreign policy practice called â€Å"nation-building† - efforts to convert foreign governments to American-style democracies, often through the use of armed forces. In October 2000, President George W. Bush came out against nation-building, stating, â€Å"I dont think our troops ought to be used for whats called nation-building. I think our troops ought to be used to fight and win war.† But just 11 months later, the September 11, 2001 terror attacks changed the president’s perspective. As an outgrowth of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, the United States has attempted to establish democracies in those nations. However, political cultures have hindered those U.S. nation-building efforts. In both countries, years of long-standing attitudes toward other ethnic groups, religions, women, and human rights shaped by years of tyrannical rule continue to stand in the way.

Exchange Traded Option Markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Exchange Traded Option Markets - Essay Example (Christopher, 2001; 45-57) However, most exchange-traded options are standardized. There are a set number of strikes and expiry dates available, and it is not generally possible to trade options on the shares of smaller companies. By contrast, in the OTC market dealers will sell and buy options on a wide range of shares, as long as they can find a way to manage the risks associated with such deals. Also, dealers offer a huge variety of non-standard contracts known collectively as exotic options. (John, 2002: 110-118) On some exchanges and with some contracts the buyer of an option is not required to pay the full premium at the outset. Instead, the purchaser deposits initial margin that is a proportion of the premium due on the contract. In the case of the individual stock options traded on LIFFE, the full premium is payable upfront. (Zuhayr, 2001, 63-70) However, the writers of options are subject to margin procedures. They must deposit initial margin at the outset, and will be required to make additional variation margin payments via their brokers to the clearing house if the position moves into loss. (Gordon, 2001: 121-129) The initial margin depends on the degree of risk involved, calculated according to factors such as the price and volatility of the underlying and the time to expiry of the contract. In practice, in order to cover margin calls, brokers often ask for more than the minimum initial margin figure stipulated by the clearing house. The derivatives exchanges also offer listed option contracts on major equity indices such as the S&P 500, the FT-SE 100 and the DAX. Contracts are of two main kinds. Some are options on equity index futures, and exercise results in a long or short futures position. Other contracts are settled in cash against the spot price of the underlying index. If a call is exercised the payout is based on the spot index level less the strike. If a put is exercised the payout is based on the strike less the spot index level. Options on indices and other baskets of shares can also be purchased directly from dealers in the OTC market. (Dimitris, 2000: 90-102) Some dealing houses issue securities called covered warrants which are longer-dated options on shares other than those of the issuer. Warrants are usually listed and trade on a stock market such as the London Stock Exchange. The term 'covered' means that the issuer is writing an option and hedges or covers the risks involved, often by trading in the underlying shares. (Austin, 2000: 73-81) Warrants are purchased by both institutional and retail investors (historically the retail market has been more active in Germany than in the UK). (Christopher, 2001; 45-57) Warrants can be calls or puts and written on an individual share or a basket of shares. They are sometimes settled in cash, and sometimes through the physical delivery of shares. UK Stock Options on LIFFE Table 1 shows some recent prices for stock options on Royal Bank of Scotland Group plc (RBOS) traded on LIFFE. These are the offer or sale prices for contracts posted by dealers placed on the exchange's electronic dealing system, LIFFE Connect. At the time the quotations were taken the options had just over two weeks remaining until expiry and the underlying RBOS share price was 1781

Supply chain theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply chain theory - Essay Example In order to be well placed and to take advantage of the increase in sales, EBBD will adjust its order rate. The bullwhip effect is the vulnerability created from mutilated data streaming all over the inventory network. It is the increment in the variability of request as it moves from the Customer to the Manufacturer. In order to reduce the bullwhip effect, EBBD will make smaller order additions to minimize time between requests. This will make processing and delivery of order to the clients to be more effective and timely. The piece by piece increase will also reduce the cost of handling that would be incurred by making excessive order. The order strategy is meant to ensure that at every given time, there is enough stock to supply to retailers throughout the week. The order quantity is a slight incremen0t of the retailers demand. Having stock will ensure no order goes un-served and reduces the backlog of order from retailers. Fernie & Sparks (2009) argue that maintaining equilibrium within the stock of a chains supply needs a deep consideration of all the stock holders ranging from the c ustomers as well as the suppliers. The sales within EBBD in the first five weeks had minimum change and this can be as a result of much attention given to the campaign other than the sales. However, the sales started increasing the mid weeks. Seven weeks after the kick off of the campaign, the sales started to rise. The trend was high affected by the fact that at this point the campaigns had been extended to all the target areas. Arikan (2008) articulates that marketing campaigns rarely have immediate results but once the objectives have been achieved, the results are worthwhile. As part of our strategy to create equilibrium with our inventory levels, the customer order backlog was reduced by increasing EBBD ordering pattern. After the few weeks of the campaign, we expected more

QIM NOTES ON DESIGNATED LECTURE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

QIM NOTES ON DESIGNATED LECTURE - Assignment Example During the talk, Dishman shows the audience his film of own kidney transplant, which according to doctors the he was not in a position have a transplant. With latest technological knowhow, it is a vital sign monitor, which can be of use for observations by employing smart phones to give ultrasound images. Through the aid of an online agent who can guide someone through a safe self-care with real time image processing. With the help of network devices, doing care anywhere will just need a team for interactions. He relays an instance when he was sick at a young age and admitted at a hospital. The longer he stayed in the hospital, the sicker he got like allergy (Dishman). Dishman experienced the team sport at Legacy Sam, 6 months ago. The model works by training how to do care at home and offloading clinics. Currently, he has a team in China who track and train seniors caring for themselves and community volunteers. Most of the medical problems emerge because of communication and coordination inadequacies among medical practitioners. Dishman gave an example of poor care coordination, when he was in graduate school undergoing kidney treatment whereby at some point doctors thought he had a heart problem. This was until one nurse noticed his appointment paper that had three prescriptions from different doctors having varying conditions but same drug as a remedy. He had overdose problem but not a heart problem as earlier diagnosed by varying medics cited (Dishman). This happens to millions of people elsewhere but according to Dishman, technology in health care through coordinated team sport presents an effective solution to these incidences. In 1948 during trials to invent TB drugs, healthcare conduct tests averagely but not individually whereby they generalize without knowing that a patient and his or her own population are different, hence ending up to guesswork. However, with the help of high performance

Evaluation Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluation Report - Coursework Example An API allows a developer’s product or service to communicate to other products and services. APIs open up data and functionality to other developers and to businesses. It allows exchange of data both internally and externally.(Jetter,2011) According to apievangelist, an API gives third party developers â€Å"firewall† access to a company’s data and resources.(apievangelist n.d) TWITTER API Twitter is an information network and communication mechanism that produces more than 200 million tweets a day. The Twitter API is largely used by majority of developers to extend twitters social experience and functionality to their own applications. Twitter offers access to its data through use of its APIs. Twitter offers products for websites that easily integrates basic twitter functions for example the tweet button. Twitter also offers a search API for developers who want to allow a user to query for twitter content. The streaming API offered by twitter provides a real ti me sample of the twitter firehose. It is for developers with data intensive needs for example a data mining project. The twitter REST API enables the developer to access core primitives of twitter including timelines status updates and user information. LINKEDIN API LinkedIn is a social network for professionals and business people. According to LinkedIn, their API enables developers to provide an easy way of enabling professionals to sign in their site using LinkedIn credentials. It also enables engagement by bringing professional content to the developer’s site. It also enables powerful conversations through its provisional groups API.(Why develop with LinkedIn, n.d) PURPOSE OF REPORT This is an evaluation report containing a critical evaluation of three third party API’s. It evaluates and discusses each and every aspect of the APIs based on standard API principles. The third API is provided to contrast with the two mentioned APIs. The report aims to find the most su itable and most efficient API from the three for better development using APIs and their integration. AUTHENTICATION Authentication is the process of identifying user provided credentials and authorizing access to an applications functionality. This is a common feature found in most applications. A huge number of users have signed up with popular web applications including Twitter and LinkedIn. Due to the problem of creating separate and multiple user credentials combination of passwords and names, developers have turned to using this functionality from the mentioned applications. These applications provide authentication API’s that make it easier for the developer to rapidly integrate the functionality in their application . The authentication API also provides for extended feature sets and secure authentication and authorization for the developers application which all in all is beneficial to everyone. Twitter provides several variations of the authentication API for develo pers through the rest API version 1.1 Authentication using the Twitter API uses the OAuth authentication styles. The developer should choose the method of authentication. Twitter offers different flavours for authentication. These include the rest API for authentication, Search API for authentication and streaming API for authentication. Each of them has specific way of implementing Twitter’s OAuth authentication(Authentication and authorization,Twitter n.d). For the OAuth signed in option the developer must obtain OAuth access token

A Quality Study of the main Limitations of the Cyclic Casual Model in Dissertation

A Quality Study of the main Limitations of the Cyclic Casual Model in Establishing the Main Risk of Serious Problem Project - Dissertation Example I cannot afford to go without appreciating my friend Stephen for helping me type and edit this report. My dear parents and siblings gave me a lot of moral support throughout my study and for that I gladly appreciate them. Abstract The cyclic causal model is greatly reliable when dealing with serious problem projects (SSPs). The model has been successfully applied in respect of various SSPs. This study was dedicated to establishing the limitations of the cyclic causal model and involved a case study – the Vancouver building project which qualified as an SSP. The study involved face to face interviews with various stakeholders of the project. A total of eight respondents were sampled and participated in the study. We analysed the data obtained from the interviews statistically and noted that the main limitations of the cyclic causal model relate to the characteristic differences between the derivative and accelerating events when dealing with complex situations and its inability to provide a concrete solution to solving problems related to the derivative and accelerating events. ... couver Building Project and Its Failure 20 3.0 Research Methodology 25 3.1 Introduction 25 3.2 Research Paradigm 25 3.3 Research Philosophy 26 3.4 Research Approach 27 3.5 Research Strategy 28 3.6 Data Collection 29 3.7 Sampling 32 3.8 Time horizon 32 4.0 Results and Data Analysis 33 4.1 Correlation between Projects Problems and the Cumulative Quantity Accelerating and Derivative Events 47 4.2 Correlation between Derivative and Accelerating Events in Cyclic Models 48 4.3 Difference in mean frequency of cumulative events between the SPPs and Non-SPPS cases 50 4.4 Independent Samples Test 51 4.5 ANOVA 52 5.0 Conclusion 61 6.0 Recommendations 64 References 65 Appendix 1: Interview Questions 69 Appendix 2: Cover Letter 73 A Qualitative Study of the Main Limitations of the Cyclic Causal Model in Establishing the Main Risks of Serious Problem Projects: Vancouver Building Project Failure   1.0 Introduction In view of the interventions of the building code and regulations, it is possible t o cope with critical risk areas for various structural needs. Using the causal models of risk management, professional building and construction bodies have formulated several interventions for the industry for risk elimination and management. The seriousness of the risks involved in the building and construction industry border heavy financial losses for project clients and puts the safety of people frequenting the structure as well as the members of the general public using the structure at risk. The nature and application of the construction projects and their unique demands in terms of professional regulation raises questions relating to technical engineering considerations or ordinary project management. One of the risk management interventions that have been extensively applied in

Evaluation Report Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluation Report - Coursework Example An API allows a developer’s product or service to communicate to other products and services. APIs open up data and functionality to other developers and to businesses. It allows exchange of data both internally and externally.(Jetter,2011) According to apievangelist, an API gives third party developers â€Å"firewall† access to a company’s data and resources.(apievangelist n.d) TWITTER API Twitter is an information network and communication mechanism that produces more than 200 million tweets a day. The Twitter API is largely used by majority of developers to extend twitters social experience and functionality to their own applications. Twitter offers access to its data through use of its APIs. Twitter offers products for websites that easily integrates basic twitter functions for example the tweet button. Twitter also offers a search API for developers who want to allow a user to query for twitter content. The streaming API offered by twitter provides a real ti me sample of the twitter firehose. It is for developers with data intensive needs for example a data mining project. The twitter REST API enables the developer to access core primitives of twitter including timelines status updates and user information. LINKEDIN API LinkedIn is a social network for professionals and business people. According to LinkedIn, their API enables developers to provide an easy way of enabling professionals to sign in their site using LinkedIn credentials. It also enables engagement by bringing professional content to the developer’s site. It also enables powerful conversations through its provisional groups API.(Why develop with LinkedIn, n.d) PURPOSE OF REPORT This is an evaluation report containing a critical evaluation of three third party API’s. It evaluates and discusses each and every aspect of the APIs based on standard API principles. The third API is provided to contrast with the two mentioned APIs. The report aims to find the most su itable and most efficient API from the three for better development using APIs and their integration. AUTHENTICATION Authentication is the process of identifying user provided credentials and authorizing access to an applications functionality. This is a common feature found in most applications. A huge number of users have signed up with popular web applications including Twitter and LinkedIn. Due to the problem of creating separate and multiple user credentials combination of passwords and names, developers have turned to using this functionality from the mentioned applications. These applications provide authentication API’s that make it easier for the developer to rapidly integrate the functionality in their application . The authentication API also provides for extended feature sets and secure authentication and authorization for the developers application which all in all is beneficial to everyone. Twitter provides several variations of the authentication API for develo pers through the rest API version 1.1 Authentication using the Twitter API uses the OAuth authentication styles. The developer should choose the method of authentication. Twitter offers different flavours for authentication. These include the rest API for authentication, Search API for authentication and streaming API for authentication. Each of them has specific way of implementing Twitter’s OAuth authentication(Authentication and authorization,Twitter n.d). For the OAuth signed in option the developer must obtain OAuth access token

Surviving Infidelity in a Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Surviving Infidelity in a Marriage - Essay Example This essay will focus on critical review of two professional journal articles related to child abuse and the way counseling helps them. In the article, â€Å"Rape, statutory rape, and child abuse: legal distinctions and counselor duties† Mitchell and Rogers (2003) tries to find out the responsibility of a counselor in case of rape and child abuse. Child sexual abuse is a common phenomenon which the counselors have to face very often as they deal with school children. Child Sexual Abuse is defined as when the care taker of the child participates in or assists in forceful molestation of the child for gratification of the self. It may be seen if the legal duties are taken into consideration of the counselor there will be a lot of contradictions between the legal duties and between what the counselors ethically thinks is correct. There are a lot of differences existing in the laws regarding child sexual abuse, rape and statutory rape and it becomes difficult for the counselors to understand which cases they should report as cases of child sexual abuse. They get confused. So it is advised that the counselors are w ell aware of the laws of their particular state and should also be aware of the situations when they should report the cases to the adequate authority. It is also advised that when the counselors are confused they should take the advice of the legal authorities regarding their duties. In case the school counselors are confused about the age differences and are not very sure whether to report it as child sexual abuse or rape then they should seek the help of a concerned attorney or the child services department and accordingly should report the case formally. Child sexual abuse and child rape involves a lot of feelings like guilt, shame, depression, anger and insecurity, therefore it is must that the counselors are well equipped to deal with these issues and try to relieve the victims of all these feelings

Global Household Brand Essay Example for Free

Global Household Brand Essay Executive summary After a review of the â€Å"Global Household Brand† article, I was assigned the task of reviewing your business and to provide a well-detailed critique on global households’ brands. I will develop a strategy; identify the likely cause of the company’s financial woes. The major factor on the poor financial performance of the company is that of competitive strategy and differences in operational effectiveness. Ineffective management strategies have led the company to lose lots of profit (Michael E, 1998). Its lack of a clear strategy on how to effectively compete with big marketers has made it either to exit the market or to end up in the financial mess.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The company must continuously improve the level of its operational effectiveness, and income must be increased and regulated. Sustainable performance will largely be dependent on global household brand having a strategic position (Tony P, 2000). There is need to evaluate consumers’ trend.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Company and Industry Overview Global household brands has lost the image she built as a leading producer and marketer of a variety of â€Å"niche† dentifrice products that includes polident, powdered aspirin, household cleaning brands among a few others to company characterized with lack of customers and loss making one. The company initially thrived on venturing in new markets and exiting them when the competition became a little bit stiff. The restructuring of the company together with other measures to bring a change in the financial fortunes of the company have only helped to worsen the situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   However, the firm has intention of reinventing itself to turn around its fortunes so as to be competitive and generate revenue in a continuous and sustainable manner. In the mid 1990s, when various big marketers such as Clorox, S.C Johnson, and Arm and Harmer began competing against global household brand’s 2000 flush automatic toilet bowl cleaners, X-14 mildew as well as soap scum removers and carpet fresh carpet refreshers, the company decided to exited the group of products due to their inability to gain substantial market share.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During this period the company was not anywhere close to the red line, actually it was worth around $1.5 million. The exit made by global households brand did not seem to affect its profitability within the markets. The items it dealt with were in areas considered less competitive which enabled her to rake in high amounts of profits on their line up to branded products. During the period 1995-98 the profits started to drop by about 10-15% per annum.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Their potential to stay at least in the market was waning. The sale of their brands as well as the hiring and restructuring their management executive did not seem to over turn the events. Eventually after global household brand had had their sales drop from $130million to $ 70 million they decided to hire Goldman Sachs to sell their brand of products. After about one and a half years with Goldman at the helm, the sales figures were not anywhere near $100 that Goldman had promised. The deterioration in the sales figure was as a result of lack of competitive marketing strategy and difference in operation effectiveness. This was in spite of the company being given the green light about their customers respect for their brands of products. Analysis In the mid 1990s the company was worth about $1.5 billion. In the period 1995 to 1998 the sales of the firm was falling at a rate between 10 and 15% per annum. This in effect demonstrates the ability of the company to generate high profits. During the late 1990s onwards the firm did not efficiently output. The consistent drop in the sales figure was a testimony to this. In spite of all the changes and various measures the firm was taking, it was still not able to generate the projected profit margins. Despite the fact that the consumers have greatly respected their brand of products it was not able to capitalize on this factor to turn into huge profits. Strengths Consumers for its high quality of products very well recognize global households brands. This in addition to the mature nature of the household cleaning products industry is a plus for the company. The company is also much leveraged in the industry. The company also has a superior marketing V.P with such attributes as unique talents and is also very experienced as well as brilliant strategies. This is in addition to the talented R and D director it has on its board. All these factors will aid the management in turning around the fortunes of the firm. With all these talent and experience at their disposal the company would be starting from a vantage position in its path to recovery. The industry also seems to be very mature meaning the future of the company with its continued operations is bright. Weaknesses The firm has not effectively and in most cases deliberately not considered heavily investing in advertising and marketing to compete with her competition. The new operations manager also seems to be having a bad inter personal relationship with other employees within the firm. Global sales department has not met its past targets. Opportunity Trends The general trend within the industry seems to be in favor of household cleaning products. The overview of the general industry seems to suggest that it is leveraged and that household cleaning products industry is mature. This presents the company with the chance to exploit and increase its revenue. The maturity of the company shows that if it can invest largely without so many risks involved as uncertainty. Competitive Analysis Such companies like Clorox, S.C Johnson among others seem to be the greatest competition for the firm. They have heavily invested in their marketing strategies and in the end endeared themselves to their customers. Strategic options Global households, has been constantly pioneering various ranges of products over the past years. Before the entry of the big marketers it was the seen as the pioneer of household cleaning products. In addition to this, it has produced quality products. In fact, a recent survey suggests that most customers acknowledge the high quality of their products. The strategy of quitting and finding a new brand of products has been its main stay and now that it has run out of options and its very existence is threatened it must consider other options (Michael E, 1998). Since global households brand has come to the acknowledgment that it has to alter its business strategy so as to keep alive in the industry, it has few options left. First, it can adopt the differentiation strategy. This would require global household brand to build customer loyalty. In order to accomplish this, it has to position its products as well as services in unique ways that would appeal to the customers. In other words, the products will seek to be better than those of its competitors. The second option that the business may explore is that of focus strategy. This alternative takes into account the heterogeneity of many markets and industries. As such, there exist a lot of various customer segments with varying needs, wants as well as characteristics. The basic principle under this strategy is to put emphasis on selecting one segment(s), identify customers with special needs, interests and wants among other things and approach them. Global households brand could also employ the third option of horizontal integration. Under this strategy will be selling its products in various markets. In order to acquire the market coverage, it will have small subsidiary firms created. This would enable it compete with compete with its competitors effectively. Recommendations Within the last few years, global household brand has undergone a number of drastic changes. It has been forced to sell part of its brands, and almost the banks are about to call the loans given to it. One of the primary reasons global households has failed to meet its sales target is its inability to effectively market and appeal to the market. This is what her competition have done and thereby edged her out. Since the competitors have done the marketing really well, GHB has to effectively market itself or just face the possibilities of winding up. The second problem facing the company has been that of management. The manager has to learn to develop interpersonal relationship with his juniors. Alternatively, the New CEO or management team should meet people who worked at the Block drug before and find out what really problem was. This would enable them to have a better understanding of the firm’s woes as well as its triumphs. The management should also approach the financing Bank, and talk them out of calling the loans on the investors. Finally the $5million should be reduced with picked interest       References: Michael E. Porter, on competition, 1998, Harvard Business School Press Tony Proctor, 2000, Strategic Marketing: An introduction, Rout ledge. Alfred D. Chindler, Peter Haqstom, Orjan Solvell, 1999, the Dynamic Firm. The role of technology, strategy, organization, and regions, Oxford University Press.

Advantages of Binary System

Advantages of Binary System The binary number system, base two, uses only two symbols, 0 and 1. Two is the smallest whole number that can be used as the base of a number system. For many years, mathematicians saw base two as a primitive system and overlooked the potential of the binary system as a tool for developing computer science and many electrical devices. Base two has several other names, including the binary positional numeration system and the dyadic system. Many civilizations have used the binary system in some form, including inhabitants of Australia, Polynesia, South America, and Africa. Ancient Egyptian arithmetic depended on the binary system. Records of Chinese mathematics trace the binary system back to the fifth century and possibly earlier. The Chinese were probably the first to appreciate the simplicity of noting integers as sums of powers of 2, with each coefficient being 0 or 1. For example, the number 10 would be written as 1010: 10= 1 x 23 + 0 x 22 + 1 x 21 + 0 x 20 Users of the binary system face something of a trade-off. The two-digit system has a basic purity that makes it suitable for solving problems of modern technology. However, the process of writing out binary numbers and using them in mathematical computation is long and cumbersome, making it impractical to use binary numbers for everyday calculations. There are no shortcuts for converting a number from the commonly used denary scale (base ten) to the binary scale. Over the years, several prominent mathematicians have recognized the potential of the binary system. Francis Bacon (1561-1626) invented a bilateral alphabet code, a binary system that used the symbols A and B rather than 0 and 1. In his philosophical work, The Advancement of Learning, Bacon used his binary system to develop ciphers and codes. These studies laid the foundation for what was to become word processing in the late twentieth century. The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), adopted in 1966, accomplishes the same purpose as Bacons alphabet code. Bacons discoveries were all the more remarkable because at the time Bacon was writing, Europeans had no information about the Chinese work on binary systems. A German mathematician, Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (1646-1716), learned of the binary system from Jesuit missionaries who had lived in China. Leibniz was quick to recognize the advantages of the binary system over the denary system, but he is also well known for his attempts to transfer binary thinking to theology. He speculated that the creation of the universe may have been based on a binary scale, where God, represented by the number 1, created the Universe out of nothing, represented by 0. This widely quoted analogy rests on an error, in that it is not strictly correct to equate nothing with zero. The English mathematician and logician George Boole (1815-1864) developed a system of Boolean logic that could be used to analyze any statement that could be broken down into binary form (for example, true/false, yes/no, male/female). Booles work was ignored by mathematicians for 50 years, until a graduate student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology realized that Boolean algebra could be applied to problems of electronic circuits. Boolean logic is one of the building blocks of computer science, and computer users apply binary principles every time they conduct an electronic search. The binary system works well for computers because the mechanical and electronic relays recognize only two states of operation, such as on/off or closed/open. Operational characters 1 and 0 stand for 1 = on = closed circuit = true 0 = off = open circuit = false. The telegraph system, which relies on binary code, demonstrates the ease with which binary numbers can be translated into electrical impulses. The binary system works well with electronic machines and can also aid in encrypting messages. Calculating machines using base two convert decimal numbers to binary form, then take the process back again, from binary to decimal. The binary system, once dismissed as primitive, is thus central to the development of computer science and many forms of electronics. Many important tools of communication, including the typewriter, cathode ray tube, telegraph, and transistor, could not have been developed without the work of Bacon and Boole. Contemporary applications of binary numerals include statistical investigations and probability studies. Mathematicians and everyday citizens use the binary system to explain strategy, prove mathematical theorems, and solve puzzles. Basic Concepts behind the Binary System To understand binary numbers, begin by remembering basic school math. When we were first taught about numbers, we learnt that, in the decimal system, things are categorised into columns: H | T | O 1 | 9 | 3 such that H is the hundreds column, T is the tens column, and O is the ones column. So the number 193 is 1-hundreds plus 9-tens plus 3-ones. Afterwards we learnt that the ones column meant 10^0, the tens column meant 10^1, the hundreds column 10^2 and so on, such that 10^2|10^1|10^0 1 | 9 | 3 The number 193 is really {(1*10^2) + (9*10^1) + (3*10^0)}. We know that the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. If we wished to put a larger number in column 10^n (e.g., 10), we would have to multiply 10*10^n, which would give 10 ^ (n+1), and be carried a column to the left. For example, if we put ten in the 10^0 column, it is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, therefore using two columns. Twelve would be 12*10^0, or 10^0(10+2), or 10^1+2*10^0, which also uses an additional column to the left (12). The binary system works under the exact same principles as the decimal system, only it operates in base 2 rather than base 10. In other words, instead of columns being 10^2|10^1|10^0 They are, 2^2|2^1|2^0 Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. Therefore, it would shift you one column to the left. For example, 3 in binary cannot be put into one column. The first column we fill is the right-most column, which is 2^0, or 1. Since 3>1, we need to use an extra column to the left, and indicate it as 11 in binary (1*2^1) + (1*2^0). Binary Addition Consider the addition of decimal numbers: 23 +48 ___ We begin by adding 3+8=11. Since 11 is greater than 10, a one is put into the 10s column (carried), and a 1 is recorded in the ones column of the sum. Next, add {(2+4) +1} (the one is from the carry) = 7, which is put in the 10s column of the sum. Thus, the answer is 71. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. Begin with one-bit binary addition: 0 0 1 +0 +1 +0 ___ ___ ___ 0 1 1 1+1 carries us into the next column. In decimal form, 1+1=2. In binary, any digit higher than 1 puts us a column to the left (as would 10 in decimal notation). The decimal number 2 is written in binary notation as 10 (1*2^1)+(0*2^0). Record the 0 in the ones column, and carry the 1 to the twos column to get an answer of 10. In our vertical notation, 1 +1 ___ 10 The process is the same for multiple-bit binary numbers: 1010 +1111 ______ Step one: Column 2^0: 0+1=1. Record the 1.   Temporary Result: 1; Carry: 0 Step two: Column 2^1: 1+1=10.   Record the 0 carry the 1. Temporary Result: 01; Carry: 1 Step three: Column 2^2: 1+0=1 Add 1 from carry: 1+1=10.   Record the 0, carry the 1. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1 Step four: Column 2^3: 1+1=10. Add 1 from carry: 10+1=11. Record the 11.   Final result: 11001 Alternately: 11 (carry) 1010 +1111 ______ 11001 Always remember 0+0=0 1+0=1 1+1=10 Try a few examples of binary addition: 111 101 111 +110 +111 +111 ______ _____ _____ 1101 1100 1110 Binary Multiplication Multiplication in the binary system works the same way as in the decimal system: 1*1=1 1*0=0 0*1=0 101 * 11 ____ 101 1010 _____ 1111 Note that multiplying by two is extremely easy. To multiply by two, just add a 0 on the end. Binary Division Follow the same rules as in decimal division. For the sake of simplicity, throw away the remainder. For Example: 111011/11 10011 r 10 _______ 11)111011 -11 ______ 101 -11 ______ 101 11 ______ 10 Decimal to Binary Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. Begin by thinking of a few examples. We can easily see that the number 3= 2+1. and that this is equivalent to (1*2^1)+(1*2^0). This translates into putting a 1 in the 2^1 column and a 1 in the 2^0 column, to get 11. Almost as intuitive is the number 5: it is obviously 4+1, which is the same as saying [(2*2) +1], or 2^2+1. This can also be written as [(1*2^2)+(1*2^0)]. Looking at this in columns, 2^2 | 2^1 | 2^0 1 0 1 or 101. What were doing here is finding the largest power of two within the number (2^2=4 is the largest power of 2 in 5), subtracting that from the number (5-4=1), and finding the largest power of 2 in the remainder (2^0=1 is the largest power of 2 in 1). Then we just put this into columns. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. Lets take a look at how it works. We know that: 2^0=1 2^1=2 2^2=4 2^3=8 2^4=16 2^5=32 2^6=64 2^7=128 and so on. To convert the decimal number 75 to binary, we would find the largest power of 2 less than 75, which is 64. Thus, we would put a 1 in the 2^6 column, and subtract 64 from 75, giving us 11. The largest power of 2 in 11 is 8, or 2^3. Put 1 in the 2^3 column, and 0 in 2^4 and 2^5. Subtract 8 from 11 to get 3. Put 1 in the 2^1 column, 0 in 2^2, and subtract 2 from 3. Were left with 1, which goes in 2^0, and we subtract one to get zero. Thus, our number is 1001011. Making this algorithm a bit more formal gives us: Let D=number we wish to convert from decimal to binary Repeat until D=0 a. Find the largest power of two in D. Let this equal P. b. Put a 1 in binary column P. c. Subtract P from D. Put zeros in all columns which dont have ones. This algorithm is a bit awkward. Particularly step 3, filling in the zeros. Therefore, we should rewrite it such that we ascertain the value of each column individually, putting in 0s and 1s as we go: Let D= the number we wish to convert from decimal to binary Find P, such that 2^P is the largest power of two smaller than D. Repeat until P If 2^P put 1 into column P subtract 2^P from D Else put 0 into column P End if Subtract 1 from P Now that we have an algorithm, we can use it to convert numbers from decimal to binary relatively painlessly. Lets try the number D=55. Our first step is to find P. We know that 2^4=16, 2^5=32, and 2^6=64. Therefore, P=5. 2^5 Subtracting 55-32 leaves us with 23. Subtracting 1 from P gives us 4. Following step 3 again, 2^4 Next, subtract 16 from 23, to get 7. Subtract 1 from P gives us 3. 2^3>7, so we put a 0 in the 2^3 column:  110 Next, subtract 1 from P, which gives us 2. 2^2 Subtract 4 from 7 to get 3. Subtract 1 from P to get 1. 2^1 Subtract 2 from 3 to get 1. Subtract 1 from P to get 0. 2^0 Subtract 1 from 1 to get 0. Subtract 1 from P to get -1. P is now less than zero, so we stop. Another algorithm for converting decimal to binary However, this is not the only approach possible. We can start at the right, rather than the left. All binary numbers are in the form a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1)++a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0 where each a[i] is either a 1 or a 0 (the only possible digits for the binary system). The only way a number can be odd is if it has a 1 in the 2^0 column, because all powers of two greater than 0 are even numbers (2, 4, 8, 16). This gives us the rightmost digit as a starting point. Now we need to do the remaining digits. One idea is to shift them. It is also easy to see that multiplying and dividing by 2 shifts everything by one column: two in binary is 10, or (1*2^1). Dividing (1*2^1) by 2 gives us (1*2^0), or just a 1 in binary. Similarly, multiplying by 2 shifts in the other direction: (1*2^1)*2=(1*2^2) or 10 in binary. Therefore {a[n]*2^n + a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + + a[1]*2^1 + a[0]*2^0}/2 is equal to a[n]*2^(n-1) + a[n-1]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]2^0 Lets look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. Take the number 163. We know that since it is odd, there must be a 1 in the 2^0 column (a[0]=1). We also know that it equals 162+1. If we put the 1 in the 2^0 column, we have 162 left, and have to decide how to translate the remaining digits. Twos column: Dividing 162 by 2 gives 81. The number 81 in binary would also have a 1 in the 2^0 column. Since we divided the number by two, we took out one power of two. Similarly, the statement a[n-1]*2^(n-1) + a[n-2]*2^(n-2) + + a[1]*2^0 has a power of two removed. Our new 2^0 column now contains a1. We learned earlier that there is a 1 in the 2^0 column if the number is odd. Since 81 is odd, a[1]=1. Practically, we can simply keep a running total, which now stands at 11 (a[1]=1 and a[0]=1). Also note that a1 is essentially multiplied again by two just by putting it in front of a[0], so it is automatically fit into the correct column. Fours column: Now we can subtract 1 from 81 to see what remainder we still must place (80). Dividing 80 by 2 gives 40. Therefore, there must be a 0 in the 4s column, (because what we are actually placing is a 2^0 column, and the number is not odd). Eights column: We can divide by two again to get 20. This is even, so we put a 0 in the 8s column. Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. Negation in the Binary System Signed Magnitude Ones Complement Twos Complement Excess 2^(m-1) These techniques work well for non-negative integers, but how do we indicate negative numbers in the binary system? Before we investigate negative numbers, we note that the computer uses a fixed number of bits or binary digits. An 8-bit number is 8 digits long. For this section, we will work with 8 bits. Signed Magnitude: The simplest way to indicate negation is signed magnitude. In signed magnitude, the left-most bit is not actually part of the number, but is just the equivalent of a +/- sign. 0 indicates that the number is positive, 1 indicates negative. In 8 bits, 00001100 would be 12 (break this down into (1*2^3) + (1*2^2) ). To indicate -12, we would simply put a 1 rather than a 0 as the first bit: 10001100. Ones Complement: In ones complement, positive numbers are represented as usual in regular binary. However, negative numbers are represented differently. To negate a number, replace all zeros with ones, and ones with zeros flip the bits. Thus, 12 would be 00001100, and -12 would be 11110011. As in signed magnitude, the leftmost bit indicates the sign (1 is negative, 0 is positive). To compute the value of a negative number, flip the bits and translate as before. Twos Complement: Begin with the number in ones complement. Add 1 if the number is negative. Twelve would be represented as 00001100, and -12 as 11110100. To verify this, lets subtract 1 from 11110100, to get 11110011. If we flip the bits, we get 00001100, or 12 in decimal. In this notation, m indicates the total number of bits. For us (working with 8 bits), it would be excess 2^7. To represent a number (positive or negative) in excess 2^7, begin by taking the number in regular binary representation. Then add 2^7 (=128) to that number. For example, 7 would be 128 + 7=135, or 2^7+2^2+2^1+2^0, and, in binary, 10000111. We would represent -7 as 128-7=121, and, in binary, 01111001. Note: Unless you know which representation has been used, you cannot figure out the value of a number. A number in excess 2 ^ (m-1) is the same as that number in twos complement with the leftmost bit flipped. To see the advantages and disadvantages of each method, lets try working with them. Using the regular algorithm for binary addition, add (5+12), (-5+12), (-12+-5), and (12+-12) in each system. Then convert back to decimal numbers. APPLICATIONS OF BINARY NUMBER SYSTEM The binary number system, also called the  base-2  number system, is a method of representing numbers that counts by using combinations of only two numerals: zero (0) and one (1). Computers use the binary number system to manipulate and store all of their data including numbers, words, videos, graphics, and music. The term bit, the smallest unit of digital technology, stands for Binary digit. A byte is a group of eight bits. A kilobyte is 1,024 bytes or 8,192 bits. Using binary numbers, 1 + 1 = 10 because 2 does not exist in this system. A different number system, the commonly used decimal or  base-10  number system, counts by using 10 digits (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9) so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = 14. Another number system used by computer programmers is hexadecimal system,  base-16  , which uses 16 symbols (0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F), so 1 + 1 = 2 and 7 + 7 = E. Base-10 and base-16 number systems are more compact than the binary system. Programmers use the hexadecimal number system as a convenient, more compact way to represent binary numbers because it is very easy to convert from binary to hexadecimal and vice versa. It is more difficult to convert from binary to decimal and from decimal to binary. The advantage of the binary system is its simplicity. A computing device can be created out of anything that has a series of switches, each of which can alternate between an on position and an off position. These switches can be electronic, biological, or mechanical, as long as they can be moved on command from one position to the other. Most computers have electronic switches. When a switch is on it represents the value of one, and when the switch is off it represents the value of zero. Digital devices perform mathematical operations by turning binary switches on and off. The faster the computer can turn the switches on and off, the faster it can perform its calculations. Binary Decimal Hexadecimal Number Number Number System System System 0 0 0 1 1 1 10 2 2 11 3 3 100 4 4 101 5 5 110 6 6 111 7 7 1000 8 8 1001 9 9 1010 10 A 1011 11 B 1100 12 C 1101 13 D 1110 14 E 1111 15 F 10000 16 10 Positional Notation Each numeral in a binary number takes a value that depends on its position in the number. This is called positional notation. It is a concept that also applies to decimal numbers. For example, the decimal number 123 represents the decimal value 100 + 20 + 3. The number one represents hundreds, the number two represents tens, and the number three represents units. A mathematical formula for generating the number 123 can be created by multiplying the number in the hundreds column (1) by 100, or 102; multiplying the number in the tens column (2) by 10, or 101; multiplying the number in the units column (3) by 1, or 100; and then adding the products together. The formula is: 1  ÃƒÆ'-  102  + 2  ÃƒÆ'-  101  + 3  ÃƒÆ'-  100  = 123. This shows that each value is multiplied by the base (10) raised to increasing powers. The value of the power starts at zero and is incremented by one at each new position in the formula. This concept of positional notation also applies to binary numbers with the difference being that the base is 2. For example, to find the decimal value of the binary number 1101, the formula is 1  ÃƒÆ'-  23  + 1  ÃƒÆ'-  22  + 0  ÃƒÆ'-  21  + 1  ÃƒÆ'-  20  = 13. Binary Operations Binary numbers can be manipulated with the same familiar operations used to calculate decimal numbers, but using only zeros and ones. To add two numbers, there are only four rules to remember: Therefore, to solve the following addition problem, start in the rightmost column and add 1 + 1 = 10; write down the 0 and carry the 1. Working with each column to the left, continue adding until the problem is solved. To convert a binary number to a decimal number, each digit is multiplied by a power of two. The products are then added together. For example, to translate the binary number 11010 to decimal, the formula would be as follows: To convert a binary number to a hexadecimal number, separate the binary number into groups of four starting from the right and then translate each group into its hexadecimal equivalent. Zeros may be added to the left of the binary number to complete a group of four. For example, to translate the number 11010 to hexadecimal, the formula would be as follows: Binary Number System A Binary Number is made up of only 0s and 1s. http://www.mathsisfun.com/images/binary-number.gif This is 1ÃÆ'-8 + 1ÃÆ'-4 + 0ÃÆ'-2 + 1 + 1ÃÆ'-(1/2) + 0ÃÆ'-(1/4) + 1ÃÆ'-(1/8) (= 13.625 in Decimal) Similar to the  Decimal System, numbers can be placed to the left or right of the point, to indicate values greater than one or less than one. For Binary Numbers: 2 Different Values Because you can only have 0s or 1s, this is how you count using Binary: Decimal: 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Binary: 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111 1000 1001 1010 1011 1100 1101 1110 1111 Binary is as easy as 1, 10, 11. Here are some more equivalent values: Decimal: 20 25 30 40 50 100 200 500 Binary: 10100 11001 11110 101000 110010 1100100 11001000 111110100    How to Show that a Number is Binary To show that a number is a  binary  number, follow it with a little 2 like this:  1012 This way people wont think it is the decimal number 101 (one hundred and one). Examples: Example 1: What is 11112  in Decimal? The 1 on the left is in the 2ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 (=8) The next 1 is in the 2ÃÆ'-2 position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 (=4) The next 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-2 (=2) The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1 Answer: 1111 = 8+4+2+1 = 15 in Decimal Example 2: What is 10012  in Decimal? The 1 on the left is in the 2ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 (=8) The 0 is in the 2ÃÆ'-2 position, so that means 0ÃÆ'-2ÃÆ'-2 (=0) The next 0 is in the 2 position, so that means 0ÃÆ'-2 (=0) The last 1 is in the units position, so that means 1 Answer: 1001 = 8+0+0+1 = 9 in Decimal Example 3: What is 1.12  in Decimal? The 1 on the left side is in the units position, so that means 1. The 1 on the right side is in the halves position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-(1/2) So, 1.1 is 1 and 1 half = 1.5 in Decimal Example 4: What is 10.112  in Decimal? The 1 is in the 2 position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-2 (=2) The 0 is in the units position, so that means 0 The 1 on the right of the point is in the halves position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-(1/2) The last 1 on the right side is in the quarters position, so that means 1ÃÆ'-(1/4) So, 10.11 is 2+0+1/2+1/4 = 2.75 in Decimal

Act II in Death of a Salesman Essay -- essays research papers

Death of a salesman context essay The beginning of act two starts with music â€Å"gay and bright†. This has an optimistic feel and sets the mood for the following scene. Music is used by Miller many times to set the mood, the rural flute music that brings Willy home at the start, the optimistic music we see here and then at the end of act two the frenzied music â€Å"like an unbearable scream† when Willy kills himself. Music is used to introduce the flashbacks and also takes a symbolic role as we see the instrument that takes the lead is the flute. Willy- All I remember is a man with a big beard, and I was in mammas lap, sitting around a fire and some kind of high music. Ben- His flute. He played the flute. Willy- Sure the flute, that’s right It is the flute that introduces us to the play and Willy â€Å"A melody is heard, played upon a flute. It is small and fine telling of grass and trees and the horizon†. Portraying the dreamlike state of Willy’s mind. Then after the funeral in the requiem, after everyone has left Willy’s graveside â€Å"Only the music of the flute is left†. It lingers, like the remains of Willy’s dreams linger with Happy. The music reflects Willy and his dreams. It is also a subtle, sad reminder of Willy’s father and the type of man he was and the type of man Willy should be, if it weren’t for his dreams deluding him. The flute mourns him at his funeral, at the wasted life of a man who didn’t know who he was. As said, the following passage is one of optimism and hope. It is an upheaval from the heavy tone of the rest of the play. This respite proves the tragedy genre of the play that is much debated and fits in using the Seneca tragedy model. This involves a gradual degeneration in the hero until a point ... ...esembles a homeless boat. To conclude, the beginning of act 2 reflects a great deal of the rest of the play. It’s turn to optimistic and hopeful tone riddled with foreshadowing of death correlates it as a tragedy. It shows the all the connections of family we see in the rest of the play with Linda’s role and Biff’s effect as well as Happy’s lack of a role. The American Dream’s destructive feel is felt through Willy’s misfortunes i.e. long mortgage, short on cash and deceived by the corporate manufacturers. Miller’s techniques of language style are as clear here as everywhere else and the consistencies of the subtle in the passage back up what is vital to the rest of the play. As much as the inconsistency of the tone etc. in this passage helps to convey the causes of Willy’s madness, shown in the reverse for added force in their effect, and to fit the tragedy model

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How

We Can Raise Antibodies Against a Specific Antigen, How? BY loveyal 2345 Midterm 2 Review Antibodies Experimental Purpose: We can â€Å"raise† antibodies against a specific antigen (protein of interest) How? Polyclonal: 1 antigen with many antibodies that bind to specific sites on the antigen (Received by injecting animal with protein of interest, waiting for that animal to build antibodies (B-lymphocytes). The lymphocytes are then extracted which give us the polyclonal antibodies. Monoclonal: I antibody that binds to a specific site on the antigen. (These are received by the same way as polyclonal, expect you only extract ne antibody, and place that into a cancer cell to create a chimera of the two, the immortal cancer cell then acts like the monoclonal antibody. ) These are the best to use in experiments because they are specific to only ONE protein of interest. These antibodies can used in experiments to: Purify a protein of interest Visualize a particular protein in a live system or in a gel HowProbe the gel to visualize where a protein is. Probing Protein Structure 1) X-ray crystallography – Spend h your life producing sufficiently pure protein and obtaining a crystal protein (Crystallizing the proteins is a hard process) â€Å"Shoot† crystal protein with light, electrons, or radiation and examine the diffraction patterns with extremely powerful computers -Analyze all the data while considering the amino-acid sequence and build a 3-D model of the protein. ) NMR-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (Used rarely) – For small proteins only – â€Å"Shoot† concentrated pure proteins with strong magnetic field to generate hydrogen atom vibrations. – Use computer program to measure reconstruct the structure of the protein by measuring the hydrogen atom vibrations. Mass spectrometry is used as a precursor to both of these experiments. It generates the amino-acid sequence.Protein Purification 1) Grow Cells with protein of inte rest (transferred on plasmid or native cell) 2) Lyse Cells -homogenization of tissues†did in lab -cell lysis buffers†break cell membrane -sonication†send sound waves through the cell to break membrane -pin-hole lysis†push mixture through an extremely tiny hole (Force large molecules through a small opening causes them to break apart) 3) Centrifugation A) Regular Centrifugation B) Differential Centrifugation: Sequential centrifugation @ increasing speeds (lowohigh) -low speed pellets = big things -high speed pellets= small things C) Velocity Centrifugation layer cell and lysate over a â€Å"density gradient† and centrifuge to separate by density. Remove layers to separate proteins. D)Equilibrium Sedimentation: another name for C 4) Column Cromatography 3 types Ion exchange (charge separation)†protein adheres to beads of an opposite charge Gel filtration (size separation)†matrix has holes, the large proteins come out last Affinity (Affinity s eparation)†beads have something on it that only your protein binds to. ) Electrophoresis (small volume separation or detection) -use polyacrylimide gel (creates a â€Å"mesh† in the gel to separate proteins by size and charge. separates denatured proteins 6) Isoelectric focusing based on isolelectric point of protein†2D electrophoresis Griffiths Experiment Conclusion: heat killed bacteria transformed nonviolent bacteria Extract of heat killing S-strain transform R-strain to become S-strain Isolated â€Å"transforming material† (TM) and determined it was DNA not proteins that carried genetic information. (Took 1 5 years) How do we test Added proteases Injected into mouse Mouse should live (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however dies Added nucleases Mouse should die (According to beliefs during that time period) Mouse however livesThis illustrated that DNA carried the genetic information Hershey-chase Experiments Bacteriophages†viru s that infect bacteria Inject DNA into bacteria (naked)†DNA unprotected by proteins Protein shell left outside of bacteria Label phages Label protein 7 groups of phages Label DNA in other groups of phages Mix both phage types with bacteria Blend bacterial mixture so that any viral parts outside the cell are ripped off Pellet bacteria and observe that only DNA label types is seen in pelleted bacteria Proved DNA carries genetic information 1) Grow bacteria with light DNA (14N) and heavy DNA (1 5N) which will separate to ifferent levels upon density-gradient centrifugation 2) Transfer heavy DNA and place in flask with light isotope Allows to eliminate conservative view 3) Heat DNA from step 2 to make it single stranded, then centrifuge.